- 1173 – The widow Stamira sacrifices herself in order to raise the siege of Ancona by the forces of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. [1][2][3][4]
- 1355 – King Tvrtko I of Bosnia writes In castro nostro Vizoka vocatum from the Old town of Visoki.
- 1420 – A 9.4 MS-strong earthquake shakes Chile’s Atacama Region causing tsunamis in Chile as well as Hawaii and Japan.[5][6]
- 1449 – Tumu Crisis: The Mongols capture the Emperor of China.
- 1529 – The Spanish fort of Sancti Spiritu, the first one built in modern Argentina, is destroyed by natives.
- 1532 – Lady Anne Boleyn is made Marquess of Pembroke by her fiancé, King Henry VIII of England.
- 1604 – Adi Granth, now known as Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhs, was first installed at Harmandir Sahib.
- 1644 – Battle of Tippermuir: James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose defeats the Earl of Wemyss‘s Covenanters, reviving the Royalist cause.
- 1715 – At the age of five, Louis XV becomes king of France in succession to his great-grandfather, King Louis XIV.[7]
- 1763 – Catherine II of Russia endorses Ivan Betskoy‘s plans for a Foundling Home in Moscow.
- 1772 – The Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is founded in San Luis Obispo, California.[8]
- 1774 – Massachusetts Bay colonists rise up in the bloodless Powder Alarm.
- 1804 – Juno, one of the largest asteroids in the Main Belt, is discovered by the German astronomer Karl Ludwig Harding.[9]
- 1831 – The Order of St. Gregory the Great is established by Pope Gregory XVI of the Vatican State to recognize high support for the Vatican or for the Pope, by a man or a woman, and not necessarily a Roman Catholic.[10]
- 1836 – Narcissa Whitman, one of the first English-speaking white women to settle west of the Rocky Mountains, arrives at Walla Walla, Washington.
- 1838 – Saint Andrew’s Scots School, the oldest school of British origin in South America, is established.
- 1862 – American Civil War: Battle of Chantilly: Confederate Army troops defeat a group of retreating Union Army troops in Chantilly, Virginia.[11]
- 1864 – American Civil War: The Confederate Army General John Bell Hood orders the evacuation of Atlanta, ending a four-month siege by General William Tecumseh Sherman.
- 1870 – Franco-Prussian War: The Battle of Sedan is fought, resulting in a decisive Prussian victory.
- 1873 – Cetshwayo ascends to the throne as king of the Zulu nation following the death of his father Mpande.
- 1878 – Emma Nutt becomes the world’s first female telephone operator when she is recruited by Alexander Graham Bell to the Boston Telephone Dispatch Company.
- 1880 – The army of Mohammad Ayub Khan is routed by the British at the Battle of Kandahar, ending the Second Anglo-Afghan War.
- 1894 – Over 400 people die in the Great Hinckley Fire, a forest fire in Hinckley, Minnesota.
- 1897 – The Tremont Street Subway in Boston opens, becoming the first underground rapid transit system in North America.
- 1905 – Alberta and Saskatchewan join the Canadian confederation.
- 1906 – The International Federation of Intellectual Property Attorneys is established.
- 1911 – The armored cruiser Georgios Averof is commissioned into the Greek Navy. It now serves as a museum ship.
- 1914 – St. Petersburg, Russia, changes its name to Petrograd.
- 1914 – The last known passenger pigeon, a female named Martha, dies in captivity in the Cincinnati Zoo.
- 1920 – The Fountain of Time opens as a tribute to the 100 years of peace between the United States and Great Britain following the Treaty of Ghent.
- 1923 – The Great Kantō earthquake devastates Tokyo and Yokohama, killing about 105,000 people.
- 1928 – Ahmet Zogu declares Albania to be a monarchy and proclaims himself king.
- 1934 – The first Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer animated cartoon, The Discontented Canary, is released to movie theatres.
- 1939 – World War II: Nazi Germany and Slovakia invade Poland, beginning the European phase of World War II.
- 1939 – General George C. Marshall becomes Chief of Staff of the United States Army.
- 1939 – The Wound Badge for Wehrmacht, SS, Kriegsmarine, and Luftwaffe soldiers is instituted. The final version of the Iron Cross is also instituted on this date.
- 1939 – Switzerland mobilizes its forces and the Swiss Parliament elects Henri Guisan to head the Swiss Armed Forces (an event that can happen only during war or mobilization).
- 1939 – Adolf Hitler signs an order to begin the systematic euthanasia of mentally ill and disabled people.
- 1941 – The Nazis execute 2,500 Jews by shooting in Ostroh, Ukraine.[12]
- 1951 – The United States, Australia and New Zealand sign a mutual defense pact, called the ANZUS Treaty.
- 1952 – The Old Man and the Sea, the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by Ernest Hemingway, is first published.
- 1958 – Iceland expands its fishing zone, putting it into conflict with the United Kingdom, beginning the Cod Wars.[13]
- 1961 – The Eritrean War of Independence officially begins with the shooting of Ethiopian police by Hamid Idris Awate.
- 1961 – The first conference of the Non-Aligned Countries is held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
- 1967 – The Khmer–Chinese Friendship Association is banned in Cambodia.
- 1967 – Six-Day War: The Khartoum Resolution is issued at the Arab Summit, and eight countries adopt the “three ‘no’s against Israel”.[14]
- 1969 – A coup in Libya brings Muammar Gaddafi to power.
- 1969 – Trần Thiện Khiêm becomes Prime Minister of South Vietnam under President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu.
- 1970 – Palestinian guerrillas attack the motorcade of King Hussein of Jordan in a failed assassination attempt.
- 1972 – In Reykjavík, Iceland, American Bobby Fischer beats Russian Boris Spassky to become the world chess champion.
- 1974 – The SR-71 Blackbird sets (and holds) the record for flying from New York to London in the time of 1 hour, 54 minutes and 56.4 seconds at a speed of 1,435.587 miles per hour (2,310.353 km/h).
- 1979 – The American space probe Pioneer 11 becomes the first spacecraft to visit Saturn when it passes the planet at a distance of 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi).[15]
- 1980 – Major General Chun Doo-hwan becomes President of South Korea, following the resignation of Choi Kyu-hah.
- 1981 – A coup d’état in the Central African Republic overthrows President David Dacko.
- 1982 – The United States Air Force Space Command is founded.
- 1983 – Cold War: Korean Air Lines Flight 007 is shot down by a Soviet Union jet fighter when the commercial aircraft enters Soviet airspace, killing all 269 on board, including Congressman Lawrence McDonald.
- 1985 – A joint American–French expedition locates the wreckage of the RMS Titanic.[16]
- 1991 – Uzbekistan declares independence from the Soviet Union.
- 2004 – The Beslan school siege begins when armed terrorists take schoolchildren and school staff hostage in North Ossetia, Russia; by the end of the siege three days later more than 385 people are dead (including hostages, other civilians, security personnel and terrorists).
-Source: wikipedia
