- 1122 – Pope Callixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V agree to the Concordat of Worms to put an end to the Investiture Controversy.
- 1338 – The Battle of Arnemuiden, in which a French force defeats the English, is the first naval battle of the Hundred Years’ War and the first naval battle in which gunpowder artillery is used.[1]
- 1409 – The Battle of Kherlen is the second significant victory over Ming dynasty China by the Mongols since 1368.
- 1459 – The Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Wars of the Roses, is won by the Yorkists.[2]
- 1641 – The Merchant Royal, carrying a treasure of over 100,000 pounds of gold (worth over £1 billion today), is lost at sea off Land’s End.
- 1642 – The first commencement exercises occur at Harvard College.
- 1779 – American Revolution: John Paul Jones, naval commander of the United States, on board the USS Bonhomme Richard, wins the Battle of Flamborough Head.[3]
- 1780 – American Revolution: British Major John André is arrested as a spy by American soldiers exposing Benedict Arnold’s change of sides.
- 1803 – Second Anglo-Maratha War: The Battle of Assaye is fought between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India.[4]
- 1806 – Lewis and Clark return to St. Louis after exploring the Pacific Northwest of the United States.
- 1821 – Tripolitsa, Greece, is captured by Greek rebels during the Greek War of Independence.
- 1845 – The Knickerbockers Baseball Club, the first baseball team to play under the modern rules, is founded in New York.
- 1846 – Astronomers Urbain Le Verrier, John Couch Adams and Johann Gottfried Galle collaborate on the discovery of Neptune.
- 1868 – Grito de Lares (“Lares Revolt”) occurs in Puerto Rico against Spanish rule.
- 1889 – Nintendo Koppai (Later Nintendo Company, Limited) is founded by Fusajiro Yamauchi to produce and market the playing card game Hanafuda.
- 1899 – The American Asiatic Squadron destroys a Filipino battery at the Battle of Olongapo.
- 1905 – Norway and Sweden sign the “Karlstad treaty”, peacefully dissolving the Union between the two countries.
- 1911 – Pilot Earle Ovington makes the first official airmail delivery in America under the authority of the United States Post Office Department
- 1913 – Roland Garros of France becomes the first to fly in an airplane across the Mediterranean (from St. Raphael in France to Bizerte, Tunisia).
- 1932 – The unification of Saudi Arabia is completed.
- 1938 – The Czechoslovak army is mobilized in response to the Munich Agreement.
- 1942 – World War II: The Matanikau action on Guadalcanal begins: U.S. Marines attack Japanese units along the Matanikau River.
- 1943 – World War II: The Nazi puppet state known as the Italian Social Republic is founded.
- 1950 – Korean War: The Battle of Hill 282 is the first US friendly-fire incident on British military personnel since World War II.
- 1962 – The Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts opens in New York City.
- 1973 – Argentine general election: Juan Perón returns to power in Argentina.
- 1983 – Saint Kitts and Nevis joins the United Nations.
- 1983 – Gulf Air Flight 771 is destroyed by a bomb, killing all 117 people on board.
- 1986 – Houston Astros’ Jim Deshaies sets a record, striking out the first eight batters he faces against the Los Angeles Dodgers.
- 2002 – The first public version of the web browser Mozilla Firefox (“Phoenix 0.1”) is released.
- 2004 – Over 3,000 people die in Haiti after Hurricane Jeanne produces massive flooding and mudslides.
- 2008 – Matti Saari kills ten people at a school in Finland before committing suicide.[5]
- 2019 – The British travel company, Thomas Cook Group, declares bankruptcy, leaving employees without jobs and 600,000 customers stranded abroad. Hotels throughout the world are stuck with £338 million (U.S. $415 million) in unpaid bills.[6]
-Source: wikipedia
